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Typologies

Typological models to describe the diversity of human features have a long history and were published by anthropologists of many different countries. Some share many similarities with identical types and names, or identical types that had different names. Most were inspired by earlier taxonomies and added new findings. As each anthropologist usually had a region that (s)he studied in greatest detail, the focus of the typologies varies. Here only systems are presented that cover the whole world. Besides these, there are many regional typologies and several of the varieties illustrated on humanphenotypes come from them. Although typologies have a long tradition, no new system has yet been published during the 21st century. It would however be possible to develop one with statistical methods using anthropometric and/or genetic data.

Knussmann (1996)
Lundman (1988)
Alexeev (1979)
Debets (1974)
Vogel (1974)
Vallois (1968)
Biasutti (1967)
Czekanowski (1967)
Lundman (1967)
Cole (1965)
Drexel (1955)
Eickstedt (1952)
Cheboksarov (1951)
Coon, Garn, Birdsell (1950)
Hooton (1946)
Lundman (1943)
Biasutti (1941)
Eickstedt (1937)
Montandon (1933)
Klimek (1932)
Haddon (1925)
Kleinschmidt (1922)
Gregory (1921)
Giuffrida-Ruggeri (1912/13)
Biasutti (1912)
Bonarelli (1909)
Sergi (1908)
Schurtz (1903)
Deniker (1900)
Brinton (1890)
Deniker (1889)
Flower (1885)
Haeckel (1873)
Müller (1873)
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (1860)
Zeune (1846)
Morton (1839)
Broc (1836)
Fischer (1829)
Bory (1827)
Lesson (1827)
Desmoulins (1826)
Malte-Brun (1812)
Blumenbach (1806)
Virey (1801)
Erxleben (1777)
Hunter (1775)
Müller (1773)
Linné (1758)
Bernier (1684)